Applied Environmental Chemistry
Buffer Solution Formulas
The following formulas produce buffers with pH values close to that indicated.
The weights give 0.1 M concentrations of each species, when diluted to 1.0 L, so that the [acid]:[conjugate base] ratio is unity. In most cases the pH will have to be adjusted using a pH meter and the dropwise addition of either 6 M HCl or 6M NaOH to one liter of solution.
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| Acid, formula and wt.or volume of standard reagent (mL) | Conjugate base, formula and wt. | pH |
|
Phosphoric acid 85% H3PO4 6.8 mL |
Monopotassium phosphate, KH2PO4 12.8 g |
2.1 |
| Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 8.6 mL | Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, 20.4 g | 2.8 |
| Citric acid, HOC(CH2CO2H)2CO2H, 19.2 g | monopotassium citrate, HOC(CH2CO2H)2CO2K, 23.0 g | 3.1 |
| Methyl succinic acid, HO2CCH2CH2CO2H, 11.8 |
Monosodium methylsuccinate,
HO2CCH2CH2CO2Na, 14.0 |
4.1 |
|
Acetic acid,CH3CO2H, glacial, 5.7 mL, or Acetic acid,CH3CO2H, dilute (36%), 15.9 mL |
Sodium acetate,CH3CO2Na , 8.2 g |
4.75 |
| Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, 20.4 g, | sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 4.0 g | 4.8 |
| Monosodium methylsuccinate, NaO2CCH2CH(CH3)CO2H, 15.3 g | Disodium methylsuccinate, NaO2CCH2CH(CH3)CO2Na, 17.5 g | 5.6 |
| Monosodium citrate, HOC(CH2CO2H)2CO2Na, 21.4 g | Disodium citrate, NaOC(CH2CO2H)2CO2Na, 23.6 g | 5.9 |
| Disodium citrate, HOC(CH2CO2Na)2CO2H, 23.6 g | Trisodium citrate, HOC(CH2CO2Na)2CO2Na, 25.8 g | 6.4 |
|
Monopotassium phosphate, KH2PO4,
12.8 g |
Dipotassium phosphate, K2HPO4
15.8 g |
7.2 |
| DL-Cysteine, HSCH2CH(NH2)CO2H, 12.1 g | Sodium DL-Cysteinate, HSCH2CH(NH2)CO2Na, 14.3 g | 8.1 |
|
Boric acid
H2B4O7, 31.4 g |
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, 4.0 g | 9.1 |
| Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, 8.4 g | Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, 10.6 g | 10.2 |
| Monosodium tellurate, NaHTeO4, 21.6g | Disodium tellurate, Na2TeO4, 23.8g | 11.3 |
| Monosodium ascorbate, NaC6H7O6, 19.8g | Disodium ascorbate, Na2C6H7O6, 22.0g | 11.8 |
|
Dipotassium phosphate, K2HPO4
15.8 g |
Tripotassium phosphate, K3PO4
19.6 g |
12.7 |
|
Boric acid
H2B4O7, 31.4 g |
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 12.0 g | 12.7 |
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